Sharar gida irin wannan matsala ceyana haifar da ambaliyaa wasu sassan duniya.Kamar yadda polymers ɗin filastik ba sa raguwa cikin sauƙi, gurɓataccen filastik zai iya toshe koguna gaba ɗaya.Idan ya isa teku sai ya ƙare da yawasharar facin iyo.

A kokarin da ake na magance matsalar gurbacewar robobi a duniya, masu bincike sun kirkiro wata robobi mai lalacewa da ta lalace bayan da aka fallasa hasken rana da iska na mako guda kacal - wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin shekaru da dama, ko ma aru-aru, yana iya daukar wasu robobi na yau da kullun. abubuwa don rugujewa.

A cikiwata takarda da aka bugaa cikin Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), masu binciken sunyi cikakken bayani game da sabon robobin da ke lalata muhalli wanda ke rushewa a cikin hasken rana zuwa succinic acid, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa guba da ke faruwa ta halitta wanda ba ya barin guntun microplastic a cikin muhalli.

Masanan kimiyyar sun yi amfani da karfin maganadisu na nukiliya (NMR) da kuma sifofin sinadarai masu yawan gaske don bayyana bincikensu akan robobi, polymer mai tushen man fetur.

Na tushen halittu?Maimaituwa?Mai yiwuwa?Jagorar ku zuwa robobi masu dorewa

Tare da ɗorewa babba akan ajanda kowa da fasaha na ci gaba da sauri, duniyar robobi tana canzawa.Anan ga abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da kayan filastik na zamani - da kuma wasu kalmomi masu ruɗani,

Sharar gida ta zama abin damuwa a duniya.Kusan tan miliyan ɗari huɗu nasa ana samarwa a duniya a kowace shekara, yayin daKashi 79 cikin 100 na duk sharar robobi da aka taɓa samarwa sun ƙare a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa ko kuma a matsayin zuriyar dabbobi a cikin yanayin yanayi.

Amma menene game da sababbin, robobi masu ɗorewa - za su taimake mu mu magance ƙalubalen sharar filastik?Menene ainihin ma'anar robobin da za a iya sake yin amfani da su, kuma ta yaya za su iya taimaka mana cimma burin dorewa da kuma rage bukatar danyen mai a samar da robobi?

Za mu ɗauke ku ta wasu kalmomin gama gari waɗanda ke da alaƙa da robobi masu ɗorewa kuma za mu gano gaskiyar bayan kowannensu.

Bioplastics - robobi waɗanda ke da tushen halittu ko na halitta ko duka biyun

Bioplastics kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don komawa zuwa robobi waɗanda ke da tushen halittu, masu yuwuwa, ko kuma sun dace da ma'auni guda biyu.

Ya bambanta da robobin gargajiya da aka yi daga kayan abinci na tushen burbushin,robobi na tushen halittu an yi su gaba ɗaya ko wani sashi daga kayan abinci mai sabuntawasamu daga biomass.Danyen kayan da aka saba amfani da su don samar da wadannan kayan abinci masu sabuntawa don samar da robobi sun hada da kututturen masara, mai tushe da kuma cellulose, da kuma kara yawan mai da kitse daga tushe masu sabuntawa.Kalmomin 'bioplastics' da '' robobi-based robobi' galibi ana amfani da su ta hanyar musanyawa amma ba su da ma'ana iri ɗaya.

Robobin da za a iya lalata surobobi ne masu sabbin sifofi na kwayoyin halitta wadanda kwayoyin cuta za su iya rubewa a karshen rayuwarsu a karkashin wasu yanayi na muhalli.Ba duk robobin da suka dogara da kwayoyin halitta ba ne masu iya lalacewa yayin da wasu robobin da aka yi daga burbushin mai a zahiri suke.

Bio-based - robobi waɗanda ke ƙunshe da abubuwan da aka samar daga biomass

Filastik da ke tushen halittu an yi su an yi su ne gaba ɗaya ko gaba ɗaya daga kayan da aka samar daga kwayoyin halitta maimakon ɗanyen burbushin halittu.Wasu ba za a iya lalata su ba amma wasu ba.

A cikin 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 2.61 na robobi na tushen halittu a duk duniya,bisa ga Cibiyar Bioplastics da Biocomposites (IfBB).Amma wannan har yanzu bai kai kashi 1% na kasuwar filastik ta duniya ba.Kamar yadda buƙatun robobi ke ci gaba da girma, haka kuma buƙatar ƙarin mafita na robobi mai dorewa.Za a iya maye gurbin robobin burbushin burbushin al'ada da filastik digo - kwatankwacin tushen halittu.Wannan na iya taimakawa rage sawun carbon na ƙarshen samfurin yayin da sauran halayen samfurin - karɓuwarsa ko sake yin amfani da shi - alal misali, su kasance iri ɗaya.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate ko PHA, wani nau'in filastik ne na yau da kullun na biodegradable, wanda a halin yanzu ake amfani dashi don yin marufi da kwalabe, misali.Yana dasamar da fermentation na masana'antu lokacin da aka ciyar da wasu kwayoyin cutar sukari ko maidaga kayan abinci kamarbeets, sugar canne, masara ko kayan lambu mai.Amma abubuwan da ba'a so,kamar sharar man girki ko molasses da ke saura bayan yin sukari, za a iya amfani da shi azaman madadin abinci, yantar da amfanin gona na abinci don sauran amfani.

Yayin da buƙatun robobi ke ci gaba da girma, manyan robobin da ke dogara da halittu sun shiga kasuwa kuma yakamata a ƙara amfani da su azaman madadin.

Wasu robobi masu tushen halittu, kamar, robobin da aka sauke suna da sigar sinadarai iri ɗaya da kaddarorin robobi na al'ada.Wadannan robobi ba su da lalacewa, kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa a aikace-aikacen da dorewa shine abin da ake so.

PET na tushen bio, wanda aka yi shi da wani sashi daga kwayoyin halitta ethylene glycol da ake samu a cikin tsire-tsire, ana amfani da shi a cikin samfuran da yawa kamar su.kwalabe, kayan cikin mota da kayan lantarki.Yayin da bukatar abokin ciniki don ƙarin robobi masu ɗorewa yana ƙaruwa,Ana sa ran kasuwar wannan filastik za ta yi girma da 10.8% daga 2018 zuwa 2024, tana haɓaka kowace shekara..

Bio-based polypropylene (PP) wani ɗigon filastik ne wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin samfura kamar kujeru, kwantena da kafet.A karshen shekarar 2018,samar da sikelin kasuwanci na PP na tushen halittu ya faru a karon farko,samar da shi daga sharar gida da sauran mai, kamar man girki da aka yi amfani da shi.

Biodegradable - filastik wanda ke rubewa a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi

Idan filastik yana da lalacewa, yana nufin cewa zai iya jurewa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na muhalli da kuma lokacin da yake hulɗa da takamaiman kwayoyin cuta ko microbes - juya shi zuwa ruwa, biomass da carbon dioxide, ko methane, dangane da yanayin aerobic ko anaerobic.Rarrabuwar halittu ba alamar abun ciki ba ne;a maimakon haka, an haɗa shi da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na filastik.Ko da yake yawancin robobin da za a iya cire su suna dogara ne akan biodegradable,Ana yin wasu robobin da za a iya lalata su daga kayan abinci mai tushen burbushin mai.

Kalmar biodegradable ba ta da tabbas tunda ba haka baƙayyade ma'auniko muhallin rubewa.Yawancin robobi, har ma wadanda ba za su iya lalacewa ba, za su ragu idan an ba su isasshen lokaci, misali daruruwan shekaru.Za su rushe cikin ƙananan ɓangarorin waɗanda ba za su iya ganuwa ga idon ɗan adam ba, amma suna kasancewa a matsayin microplastics a cikin yanayin da ke kewaye da mu.Sabanin haka, yawancin robobin da ba za a iya cire su ba za su koma cikin CO2, ruwa da biomass idan an ba su isasshen lokaci.ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin muhalli.An ba da shawarar cewacikakken bayanigame da tsawon lokacin da robobi ke ɗauka don haɓaka, ya kamata a samar da matakin ɓarkewar ƙwayoyin cuta da yanayin da ake buƙata don kimanta ƙimar muhallinta.Filastik mai taki, nau'in filastik mai yuwuwa, yana da sauƙin tantancewa tunda dole ne ya dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi don cancantar lakabi.

Compostable - nau'in filastik mai lalacewa

Filastik mai taƙawa wani yanki ne na filastik mai lalacewa.A ƙarƙashin yanayin takin, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe shi zuwa CO2, ruwa da biomass.

Don robobi ya zama bokan a matsayin takin zamani, dole ne ya cika wasu ka'idoji.A Turai, wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin aTsawon lokaci na makonni 12, 90% na filastik dole ne ya bazu zuwa guntu ƙasa da 2mma cikin girman a cikin yanayin sarrafawa.Dole ne ya ƙunshi ƙananan matakan ƙarfe masu nauyi don kada ya cutar da ƙasa.

Robobi masu takiana buƙatar aika zuwa wurin masana'antu inda ake amfani da yanayin zafi da ɗanɗanodomin tabbatar da lalacewa.PBAT, alal misali, burbushin abinci ne na tushen polymer wanda ake amfani dashi don yin jakunkuna na sharar gida, kofuna masu zubar da kaya da fim ɗin marufi kuma yana da lalacewa a cikin tsire-tsire.

Filastik da ke rushewa a cikin buɗaɗɗen wurare kamar a cikin tudun takin gida yana da wuya a yi.PHAs, alal misali, sun dace da lissafin amma ba a amfani da su sosai tunsuna da tsada don samarwa kuma tsarin yana jinkiri kuma yana da wuya a haɓaka.Duk da haka masana kimiyya sun yi aiki don inganta wannan, misali ta hanyar amfaninovel sinadaran kara kuzari- wani abu da ke taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan halayen sinadaran.

Maimaituwa - mai da filastik da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa sabbin samfura ta hanyar inji ko sinadarai

Idan filastik yana sake yin amfani da shi, yana nufin cewa ana iya sake sarrafa shi a masana'antar masana'antu kuma a juya shi zuwa wasu kayayyaki masu amfani.Ana iya sake sarrafa nau'ikan robobi na al'ada ta hanyar injiniyanci - nau'in sake amfani da na yau da kullun.Amma binciken farko na duniya na duk sharar filastik da aka taɓa haifarya gano cewa kashi 9% na robobi ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su tun lokacin da aka fara samar da kayan kimanin shekaru sittin da suka gabata.

Maimaita injinaya shafi shredding da narkewar dattin robobi da juyar da shi cikin pellets.Ana amfani da waɗannan pellet ɗin azaman ɗanyen abu don yin sabbin kayayyaki.Filastik ingancin ya lalace yayin aiwatarwa;saboda haka guntun robobiza a iya sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar injiniya kaɗan kaɗankafin ya daina dacewa a matsayin ɗanyen abu.Sabbin robobi, ko 'budurwa filastik', saboda haka galibi ana hada su da robobin da aka sake yin fa'ida kafin a mayar da shi sabon samfur don taimakawa isa ga ingancin da ake so.Ko da a lokacin, robobin da aka sake sarrafa su da injin ba su dace da kowane dalili ba.

Roba da aka sake yin fa'ida na iya maye gurbin budurci tushen albarkatun mai a samar da sabbin robobi

Sake amfani da sinadarai, inda ake mayar da robobi zuwa tubalan gini sannan kuma a sarrafa su zuwa albarkatun da ba su da inganci na budurci don sabbin robobi da sinadarai, sabon dangi ne na tsari wanda a yanzu ke samun ci gaba.Yawanci yana haɗa da masu haɓakawa da/ko zafin jiki mai tsayi don rushe filastik daza a iya amfani da shi zuwa faffadan sharar filastik idan aka kwatanta da sake yin amfani da injina.Misali, fina-finan robobi masu dauke da yadudduka da yawa ko wasu gurbatattun abubuwa ba za a iya sake sarrafa su ta hanyar inji ba amma ana iya sake sarrafa su ta hanyar sinadarai.

Ana iya amfani da albarkatun da aka kirkira daga sharar filastik a cikin tsarin sake yin amfani da sinadaraimaye gurbin budurcin danyen mai da aka dogara da shi wajen samar da sabbin robobi masu inganci.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin sake amfani da sinadarai shine tsarin haɓakawa wanda ingancin filastik ba ya raguwa da zarar an sarrafa shi ba kamar yadda yawancin nau'ikan sake amfani da injiniyoyi ke yi ba.Za a iya amfani da robobin da aka samu don yin samfura da dama da suka haɗa da kwantena abinci da abubuwa don amfanin likita da kiwon lafiya inda akwai ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun amincin samfur.